剑桥雅思18Test1Passage2阅读原文翻译 Forest management in Pennsylvania, USA 美国宾夕法尼亚州的丛林管理
剑桥雅思18阅读第一套题目第二篇文章介绍了一种森林管理模式，它采用比较典型的提出问题，分析问题和解决问题的结构。先介绍宾夕法尼亚州所存在的低利用木材的问题，然后分析其在能源市场上的用处，最后提出一些可以产出低利用木材的方法。下面是具体每一段的翻译。
剑桥雅思18Test1Passage2阅读答案解析 Forest management in Pennsylvania, USA 美国宾夕法尼亚州的丛林管理
剑桥雅思18 Test1 Passage2阅读原文翻译
老烤鸭原创翻译，请勿抄袭转载
段落A
A tree’s ‘value’ depends on several factors including its species, size, form, condition, quality, function, and accessibility, and depends on the management goals for a given forest. The same tree can be valued very differently by each person who looks at it. A large, straight black cherry tree has high value as timber to be cut into logs or made into furniture, but for a landowner more interested in wildlife habitat, the real value of that stem (or trunk) may be the food it provides to animals. Likewise, if the tree suffers from black knot disease, its value for timber decreases, but to a woodworker interested in making bowls, it brings an opportunity for a unique and beautiful piece of art.
一棵树的“价值”取决于几个因素，包括树种、大小、形态、状态、品质、功能和可达性，它还取决于既定森林的管理目标。同一棵树对于观察它的人们来说，价值可能截然不同。一棵又大又直的黑樱桃树作为木材或用来制作家具会有很高的价值，但对于更关注野生动物栖息地的土地所有者来说，该树干的真正价值可能在于它为动物所提供的食物。同样，如果树木患有黑节病，它的木材价值就会降低，但对于一个喜欢制作碗的木工来说，它则提供了制作独特而美丽的艺术品的机会。
段落B
In the past, Pennsylvania landowners were solely interested in the value of their trees as high-quality timber. The norm was to remove the stems of highest quality and leave behind poorly formed trees that were not as well suited to the site where they grew. This practice, called ‘high-grading’, has left a legacy of ‘low-use wood’ in the forests. Some people even call these ‘junk trees’, and they are abundant in Pennsylvania. These trees have lower economic value for traditional timber markets, compete for growth with higher-value trees, shade out desirable regeneration and decrease the health of a stand leaving it more vulnerable to poor weather and disease. Management that specifically targets low-use wood can help landowners manage these forest health issues, and wood energy markets help promote this.
过去，宾夕法尼亚州的土地所有者只对他们的树木作为高品质木材的价值感兴趣。常规做法是移除最高质量的树干，而留下那些形态较差的、不太适合其生长地点的树木。这种被称为“高伐”的做法在森林中留下了大量的“低利用木材”。有些人甚至称这些树木为“垃圾树”。它们在宾夕法尼亚州很常见。这些树木在传统木材市场上具有较低的经济价值，与高价值树木竞争生长空间，遮挡人们想要的再生所需要的阳光，并降低树群的健康状况，使其更容易受到恶劣天气和疾病的侵害。专门针对低利用木材的管理可以帮助土地所有者处理这些森林的健康问题，而木材能源市场则有助于促进这一点。
段落C
Wood energy markets can accept less expensive wood material of lower quality than would be suitable for traditional timber markets. Most wood used for energy in Pennsylvania is used to produce heat or electricity through combustion. Many schools and hospitals use wood boiler systems to heat and power their facilities, many homes are primarily heated with wood, and some coal plants incorporate wood into their coal streams to produce electricity. Wood can also be gasified for electrical generation and can even be made into liquid fuels like ethanol and gasoline for lorries and cars. All these products are made primarily from low-use wood. Several tree- and plant-cutting approaches, which could greatly improve the long-term quality of a forest, focus strongly or solely on the use of wood for those markets.
木材能源市场可以接受比传统木材市场更便宜和质量更低的树木材料。宾夕法尼亚州大部分的能源木材通过燃烧产生热能或电能。许多学校和医院使用燃烧木头的锅炉系统来供暖和为设施提供电力。许多家庭主要利用木材进行取暖。一些煤电厂混合使用木材和煤炭发电。木材还可以气化来产生电力，甚至可以制成如乙醇和汽油这样的液体燃料用于卡车和汽车。所有这些产品主要由低利用木材制成。一些砍伐树木和植物的方法可以大大改善森林的长期质量，专注于为这些市场提供木材。
段落D
One such approach is called a Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) Cut. In a TSI Cut, really poor-quality tree and plant material is cut down to allow more space, light, and other resources to the highest-valued stems that remain. This article is from laokaoya website. Removing invasive plants might be another primary goal of a TSI Cut. The stems that are left behind might then grow in size and develop more foliage and larger crowns or tops that produce more coverage for wildlife; they have a better chance to regenerate in a less crowded environment. TSI Cutscan be tailored to one farmer’s specific management goals for his or her land.
其中一种方法被称为“林木改良砍伐”。在TSI砍伐中，质量真正差的树木和植物会被砍倒，从而为留下的高价值树干提供更多的空间、光线和其他资源。清除入侵植物可能是TSI砍伐的另一个主要目标。留下的树干可能会因此长的更大，长出更多的叶子和更大的树冠，为野生动物提供更多的遮蔽；它们在较为宽敞的环境中更有机会再生。TSI砍伐可以根据农民对自己土地的具体管理目标进行定制。
段落E
Another approach that might yield a high amount of low-use wood is a Salvage Cut. With many pests and pathogens visiting forests including hemlock wooly adelgid, Asian long-horned beetle, emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth, to name just a few, it is important to remember that those working in the forests can help ease these issues through cutting procedures. These types of cut reduce the number of sick trees and seek to manage the future spread of a pest problem. They leave vigorous trees that have stayed healthy enough to survive the outbreak.
另一种可能产生大量低利用木材的方法是“抢救砍伐”。由于包括银杏绵介壳虫、亚洲天牛、翠绿灰褐天蛾等在内的许多害虫和病原体进入森林，在森林中工作的人文章来自老烤鸭雅思可以通过砍伐来缓解这些问题。这些类型的砍伐减少了患病树木的数量，并试图管理未来虫害的蔓延。他们留下了那些足够健康，得以在虫害爆发中幸存的健壮树木。
段落F
A Shelterwood Cut, which only takes place in a mature forest that has already been thinned several times, involves removing all the mature trees when other seedlings have become established. This then allows the forester to decide which tree species are regenerated. It leaves a young forest where all trees are at a similar point in their growth. It can also be used to develop a two-tier forest so that there are two harvests and the money that comes in is spread out over a decade or more.
“伞伐”只在已经经过数次砍伐的成熟森林中进行，即在其他树苗已经成长起来时移除所有成熟树木。这样，林务人员就可以决定要重新培育哪些树种。它留下一个年轻的森林，其中所有树木都处于类似的生长阶段。它还可以用于培育双层森林，这样就能够进行两次收获，由此而来的收入可以持续十年甚至更长的时间。
段落G
Thinnings and dense and dead wood removal for fire prevention also center on the production of low-use wood. However, it is important to remember that some retention of what many would classify as low-use wood is very important. The tops of trees that have been cut down should be left on the site so that their nutrients cycle back into the soil. In addition, trees with many cavities are extremely important habitats for insect predators like woodpeckers, bats and small mammals. They help control problem insects and increase the health and resilience of the forest. It is also important to remember that not all small trees are low-use. For example, many species like hawthorn provide food for wildlife. Finally, rare species of trees in a forest should also stay behind as they add to its structural diversity.
为了防止火灾而削薄森林，并移除密集和死去的树木也会产生低利用木材。然而，重要的是要记住，保留一些被许多人认为的低利用木材是非常重要的。被砍伐的树木的树梢应该留在现场，从而使其养分可以循环回土壤。此外，对于像啄木鸟、蝙蝠和小型哺乳动物这样的昆虫捕食者来说，具有许多腔体的树木是极其重要的栖息地。它们有助于控制害虫，提升森林的健康和抵抗力。同时，要记住，并非所有小树都是低利用木材。例如，山楂等许多树种为野生动物提供食物。最后，森林中的稀有树种也应该留下，因为它们增加了森林结构的多样性。
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